TY - JOUR AU - Muszalska, Marcelina AU - Przybylska, Patrycja AU - Piwowarek, Michał AU - Komisarek, Oskar AU - Matthews‑Brzozowska, Teresa PY - 2020/12/31 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - Botulinum toxin in the treatment of gummy smile JF - Journal of Face Aesthetics JA - JoFA VL - 3 IS - 2 SE - Review papers DO - 10.20883/jofa.38 UR - https://jofa.ump.edu.pl/index.php/jofa/article/view/38 SP - 133-138 AB - <p>A&nbsp;gummy smile is an excessive exposure of the gums while smiling. There are four types: anterior- excessive gum exposure from canine to canine, posterior — excessive gum exposure in the lateral segment, mixed — combining the anterior and posterior components, and asymmetrical — with a&nbsp;disproportion between the right and left side. The causes of gingival smile include: skeletal defect, delayed passive tooth eruption, nasal septal dysplasia, and excessive muscle activity. A&nbsp;simple, fast and minimally invasive method of gummy smile therapy caused by excessive muscle activity is the supply of botulinum toxin type A&nbsp;to the muscles responsible for a&nbsp;given type of smile. A&nbsp;favorable aesthetic effect can be achieved with a&nbsp;good knowledge of application sites and individually selected doses. When determining the dose, which is described in the literature between 2 IU and 10 IU onabotulin per page, researchers take into account not only the type of corrected smile, the number of puncture points, but also gender and age of the patient.</p> ER -